{"id":5886,"date":"2026-01-12T14:54:25","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T08:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chtnews.com\/english\/?p=5886"},"modified":"2026-01-23T14:56:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T08:56:12","slug":"what-was-the-armed-struggle-of-the-shanti-bahini-like","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chtnews.com\/english\/2026\/01\/12\/what-was-the-armed-struggle-of-the-shanti-bahini-like\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0What Was the Armed Struggle of the Shanti Bahini Like?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Milton Chakma<\/strong><br \/>\nOrganizer, Dighinala Unit, UPDF<\/p>\n<p>The armed organization of the Jana Samhati Samiti (JSS), the Shanti Bahini, was formed on January 7, 1973. Until the arrest of Commander-in-Chief Santu Larma by the police in 1975, this period was the preparatory phase of the Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle. From 1976 to 1980 was the first phase of armed warfare. During these four years, Santu Larma was absent, as he was imprisoned.<\/p>\n<p>During this time, several successful military actions were carried out, which caused significant disruption to the Bangladesh Army. In response to Shanti Bahini attacks, the Bangladesh government adopted a program to rehabilitate Bengali Muslim settlers from the plains into the hill districts. The Shanti Bahini then began attacking the settlers in order to thwart this resettlement program. To deal with this situation, Ziaur Rahman, in a strategically calculated move, released Santu Larma after reaching a secret understanding with him.<\/p>\n<p>After his release, the first thing Santu Larma did was to halt attacks on Bengali Muslim settlers. He dissolved the task force led by Debjyoti Chakma that had been formed to resist the settler rehabilitation program. As a result, the Bangladesh government gained time and opportunity to carry out the settler rehabilitation program without obstruction.<\/p>\n<p>Subsequently, from 1982 to 1995, internal splits and civil war occurred within the JSS\u2013Shanti Bahini. The Priti Group withdrew from the movement and surrendered to the Bangladesh Army. As a result, the Larma Group led by Santu Larma was able to establish exclusive dominance throughout the Chittagong Hill Tracts. If the Badi Group had wished, they too could have conducted civil war or fratricidal conflict with army support, as Santu Larma later did. But they did not. They allowed others the opportunity to continue the movement. However, the Larma Group failed to utilize that opportunity.<\/p>\n<p>From 1986 until August 10, 1992\u2014a period of six and a half years\u2014was the second phase of the Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle. However, although the Larma Group became uncontested during this time, it failed to build any effective armed struggle against the Bangladesh Army. They were unable to conduct any major military actions. Santu Larma once again revived the task force that had been formed\u2014and later dissolved\u2014to resist settler rehabilitation. But by then, much water had flowed down the Chengi\u2013Maini\u2013Kachalong\u2013Sangu\u2013Feni rivers. Taking advantage of the Larma\u2013Badi civil war within the Shanti Bahini, the government successfully completed the settler rehabilitation program. The army also consolidated and strengthened its positions.<\/p>\n<p>When Shanti Bahini members failed to carry out successful operations against the army, they once again began attacking Bengali settlers. By then, however, the settlers\u2019 position had become far more entrenched. In response to Shanti Bahini attacks, the settlers carried out retaliatory attacks on indigenous villages in collaboration with the army. As a result, innocent hill people were caught between the two sides and were forced to flee in fear for their lives, abandoning their homes and lands. The settlers took advantage of this situation to forcibly occupy all property belonging to the hill people, including homes and farmland. In this way, indigenous people were displaced from places such as Pablakhali, Boalkhali, Merung, Langadu, Bhushanchhara, Ramgarh, Manikchhari, and many other areas, losing all their lands\u2014none of which have been recovered to this day.<\/p>\n<p>Unable to withstand combat with the Bangladesh Army, the JSS\u2013Shanti Bahini declared a unilateral ceasefire on August 10, 1992. Continuous ceasefire followed until the signing of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord on December 2, 1997. The formal dissolution of the Shanti Bahini took place on February 10, 1998, through surrender.<\/p>\n<p>If the armed struggle of the JSS is analyzed in a neutral and objective manner, the following conclusions can be drawn:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle was a very low-intensity warfare. In the early phase, during the period of an undivided JSS, some successful actions were carried out by exploiting the disorganized condition of the Bangladesh Army. However, in the second phase under Santu Larma\u2019s leadership, the Shanti Bahini failed to conduct any effective military operations. Its actions were largely limited to attacks on Bengali settlers. Errors are evident in decision-making regarding attacks on settlers. When settlers were initially beginning to establish themselves in the Hill Tracts, attacking them to derail the government\u2019s rehabilitation plan would have been more rational. Why Santu Larma instead ordered a halt to such attacks is difficult to understand.<\/li>\n<li>Over the 22 years of armed struggle, the Shanti Bahini was engaged in armed conflict for only about ten and a half years in total. The remaining time was spent in fratricidal conflict, fighting with Mizo insurgents and Sarbahara Party, or under ceasefire. Of this, six and a half years of armed struggle occurred under Santu Larma\u2019s leadership, while the remaining four years were fought under the leadership of the undivided JSS.<\/li>\n<li>Launching an armed struggle without first politically educating and organizing the people, and without adequate preparation, was a major political mistake and an imprudent decision by the JSS\u2014something that many central leaders of the JSS have privately acknowledged.<\/li>\n<li>Because the armed struggle was initiated prematurely, settler rehabilitation took place. The Shanti Bahini completely failed to thwart the Bangladesh government\u2019s settler rehabilitation program.<\/li>\n<li>Broadly speaking, the armed struggle of the Shanti Bahini failed. Apart from causing harm to the Jumma people, the JSS\u2019s armed struggle brought no gains. As a result of the JSS\u2013Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle, the Jumma people received 400,000 Muslim Bengali settlers\u2014and lost thousands of acres of land, homes, and village after village.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(January 12, 2026)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Milton Chakma Organizer, Dighinala Unit, UPDF The armed organization of the Jana Samhati Samiti (JSS), the Shanti Bahini, was formed on January 7, 1973. Until the arrest of Commander-in-Chief Santu Larma by the police in 1975, this period was the preparatory phase of the Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle. From 1976 to 1980 was the first [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[622],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-article"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00a0What Was the Armed Struggle of the Shanti Bahini Like? - CHT NEWS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chtnews.com\/english\/2026\/01\/12\/what-was-the-armed-struggle-of-the-shanti-bahini-like\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00a0What Was the Armed Struggle of the Shanti Bahini Like? - CHT NEWS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Milton Chakma Organizer, Dighinala Unit, UPDF The armed organization of the Jana Samhati Samiti (JSS), the Shanti Bahini, was formed on January 7, 1973. Until the arrest of Commander-in-Chief Santu Larma by the police in 1975, this period was the preparatory phase of the Shanti Bahini\u2019s armed struggle. 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